Geastrum pectinatum as an Alternative Antioxidant Source with some Biochemical Analysis

Mustafa Sevindik; Hasan Akgul; Ilgaz Akata; Zeliha Selamoglu

doi:10.21767/2471-8521.100025

Geastrum pectinatum as an Alternative Antioxidant Source with some Biochemical Analysis

Mustafa Sevindik, Hasan Akgul, Ilgaz Akata, and Zeliha Selamoglu

DOI10.21767/2471-8521.100025

Mustafa Sevindik^1*, Hasan Akgul¹, Ilgaz Akata² and Zeliha Selamoglu³

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey

²Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

³Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey

*Corresponding Author:: Mustafa Sevindik
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
E-mail: sevindik27@gmail.com

Received date: September 26, 2017; Accepted date: October16, 2017; Published date: October 20, 2017

Citation: Sevindik M, Akgul H, Akata I, Selamoglu Z (2017) Geastrum pectinatum as an Alternative Antioxidant Source with some Biochemical Analysis. Med Mycol Open Access Vol.3 No.2:26 doi: 10.4172/2167-7972.100026

Copyright:© 2017 Sevindik M, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Abstract

The present study aimed to determine and compare total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu and Ni content of Geastrum pectinatum Pers. mushroom that was collected in different areas in Antalya province (Geyikbayiri and Termessos National Park). TAS, TOS and OSI values were measured using Rel Assay kits. Heavy metal content was determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometry using the wet decomposition method. Study findings demonstrated that samples collected in Termessos National Park had more suitable heavy metal and oxidative stress conditions when compared to those collected in Geyikbayiri. Furthermore, it was considered that due to the high TAS values, the said mushroom could be consumed as a natural antioxidant source in alternative medicine.

Keywords

Geastrum pectinatum; Antioxidant; Oxidant; Oxidative stress; Heavy metal; Antalya; Turkey

Introduction

Since the early days of civilization, mushrooms have been used as nutrients and medicines [1]. In addition to nutrient properties, mushrooms are also noted for their medicinal properties. Plants contain many phytochemicals with medicinal properties in their bodies. It has been proven that fungi, like plants, may contain some phytochemicals in a similar way and thus exhibit significant bioaccumulation [2,3]. Today, along with the increase in molecular studies, their use in biological warfare as well as in the production of antibiotic and other pharmacological products has increased [4,5]. Synthetic drugs used by humans are preferred due to their capacity to provide a healthy life and increase the defense system despite their toxic and mutagenic effects [6]. However, the use of natural pharmacological agents may reduce these adverse effects in living beings. Previous studies demonstrated that mushrooms have antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, cytotoxic, cytostatic, antiatherogenic, antioxidant, anti-allergic, hypoglycemic and immunosuppressive properties [7-19]. Thus, determination of biological activities of mushrooms is significant to reveal new pharmacological agents.

In addition to their medicinal properties, mushrooms also function in the organic matter break up, which is very significant for the sustenance of life in the nature [20,21]. Mushrooms could be used as pollution indicators based on the levels of the elements they accumulate in the environment depending on the substrate content they consume in the environment they are cultured [22,23]. Thus, the determination of heavy metal levels that fungi collect in their physical structures would enable determination of the level of pollution in the environment, as well as preventing health problems that would arise in case of their consumption.

In this context, determination and comparison of total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and heavy metal content (Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni) of Geastrum pectinatum Pers. mushroom were aimed in the present study.

Material and Method

G. pectinatum samples were collected in Geyikbayiri (KonyaaltÃÆÃ¢â¬Å¾ÃâÃÂ±) and Termessos National Park in Antalya province (Turkey) in 2015. The collected mushroom samples were dried in an incubator in the laboratory at 40°C. Dried samples were pulverized by mechanical grinder. Then, 30 g pulverized sample was weighed and extracted with ethanol in the Soxhlet device (BUCHI Extraction System Model B-811).

Determination of TAS, TOS and OSI values

Mushroom sample TAS and TOS values were determined using the Rel Assay brand commercial kit (Rel Assay Kit Diagnostics, Turkey). For TAS, Trolox, and for TOS, hydrogen peroxide were used as calibrators. TAS values were presented in mmol Trolox equiv./L and TOS values were presented in μmol H₂O₂ equiv./L [24,25]. OSI value, which indicates the level that the oxidant compounds in the mushroom was inhibited by antioxidant compounds, was calculated with the formula below [25]:

equation

Determination of heavy metal content

The heavy metal content in the mushroom samples were determined with wet decomposition method. For this purpose, mushroom samples were initially dried at 40°C and then pulverized. One gram pulverized sample was weighed in 3 replicates and placed in 50 ml glass beakers. 10 ml HNO₃ was added. The samples were then stored at ambient temperature for 1-2 days. Then the beakers were heated with a hot plate until the solution became clear. Then, 10 ml concentrated HCI was added and the heating process was repeated. Then, 20 ml diluted HCl was added to the solution and the solution was prepared for analysis by filtration [26]. The element concentrations of the prepared solutions were determined with a Perkin Elmer (AAnalyst 400) instrument.

TAS, TOS and OSI Values

G. pectinatum ethanol extract TAS (mmol/L), TOS (μmol/L) and OSI values were determined with Rel Assay kits. The values are presented in Table 1.

	TAS	TOS	OSI
Termessos National Park	1.091 ± 0.075	7.553 ± 0.274	0.692 ± 0.023
Geyikbayiri	1.278±0.032	13.858 ± 0.154	1.084 ± 0.015

Table 1: TAS, TOS and OSI Values of G. pectinatum.

Heavy Metal Content

Soil and G. pectinatum mushroom Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb and Ni content were determined in the conducted analyses and presented as average ± Std in Table 2.

	Fe	Zn	Cu	Pb	Ni
G. pectinatum (Termessos- Mushroom)	291.45 ± 5.73	18.60 ± 5.37	9.57 ± 2.44	8.09 ± 0.77	0.07 ± 0.01
G. pectinatum (Termessos-Soil)	601.75 ± 7.77	27.13 ± 2.33	28.49 ± 0.61	35.63 ± 2.61	42.68 ± 1.58
G. pectinatum (Geyikbayiri - Mushroom)	434.10 ± 12.09	60.51 ± 4.69	22.25 ± 0.99	6.20 ± 6.39	12.88 ± 4.30
G. pectinatum (Geyikbayiri- Soil)	811.34 ± 2.88	42.78 ± 0.41	69.13 ± 0.57	38.87 ± 1.71	34.54 ± 1.36

Table 2: Heavy metal levels of G. pectinatum.

Conclusion

Based on the conducted study, it could be argued that the heavy metal content in the regions where G. pectinatum was collected were suitable. It was also determined that oxidative stress values differed between the regions. The high TAS values in G. pectinatum demonstrated that samples collected in more suitable sites based on oxidative stress values could be consumed as an alternative antioxidant source.